A few years ago, I watched a small business owner spend money on online advertising because everyone around him was saying that digital marketing was essential. He had created social media pages, boosted a few posts, and paid for some search ads. For a few weeks, the numbers looked exciting. Then the enquiries slowed down. The problem was not necessarily the marketing. The problem was that the business had started spending before figuring out what it actually needed. That situation is more common than it looks. Digital marketing can feel like a collection of buttons waiting to be pressed: run an ad, publish a post, improve SEO, send an email, create a video. But behind every successful campaign is usually something less exciting and far more important — clarity. Before spending money, a business owner needs to understand what the money is supposed to accomplish. The first thing to check is the goal. “I want more customers” sounds reasonable, but it is too broad to guide a marketi...